To encourage the others

Ταύτῃ ἐν χώρῃ φρόνιμόν ἐστι ἀποκτείνειν ἐνίοτε ναύαρχον, ὅπως τοὺς ἄλλους θαρσύνῃ.

 

(Taútē en chṓrē phrónimón esti apokteínein eníote naúarchon, hópōs tous állous tharsýnē.)

 

In this country it is good to kill an Admiral from time to time, to encourage the others.

 

—Voltaire, Candide

Gladiator

“Opportet gentes cognoscere se victas.”

“Cognosceresne, Quinti? Cognoscerem?”

 

“People should know when they’re conquered.”

“Would you, Quintus? Would I?”

 

—Gladiator

Armies

In statibus variis civitatum, conscribuntur milites dissimillimis causis. Urgentur barbari amore pugnandi; admoneantur cives reipublicæ liberæ animā pietatis; in regno cives, at quidem nobiles, notione honoris animantur; sed incolas timidos atque delicatos imperii labentis necesse est ad militiam aut prolicere spe divitiarum aut compellere metu pœnæ.

 

In the various states of society, armies are recruited from very different motives. Barbarians are urged by the love of war; the citizens of a free republic may be prompted by a principle of duty; the subjects, or at least the nobles, of a monarchy, are animated by a sentiment of honor; but the timid and luxurious inhabitants of a declining empire must be allured into the service by the hopes of profit, or compelled by the dread of punishment.

 

—Edward Gibbon, De Lapsu et Ruina Imperii Romanorum (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire)

The revolution

More Saturnino res novæ suos natos devorant.

 

After the example of Saturn, the revolution devours its own children.

 

—Jacques Mallet du Pan, French writer and journalist (1749-1800)

Belisarius

“Ὑπὸ τοῖς θεοῖς παλαιοῖς,” ὁ μοῦ πρόσθεν δεσπότης ὁ Δαμοκλὴς ἔλεγε προσεπιρρητορεύων, “ἡ μὲν ἀρετὴ ἀεὶν ἐτίμα, ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ᾐσχύνετο· τοῦ κακούργου ὁ σταυρὸς οὐκ ἐνεχρυσοῦτο καὶ ἐποικίλλετο· οὐχ οἱ ἀνθρώποι ἐτέρποντο αἰσχυνθῆναι.” Ἀλλὰ πιστεύῃ ἕκαστος ὃ δοκεῖ. Καὶ εἰ τυγχάνει ἀτεχνῶς φιλεῖν τὴν εὐσεβείαν, μηδὲ εἶναι σοφιστὴς καὶ ἀγαθοφανὴς θεολόγος ἢ ἐγκρατευτὴς διεφθαργμένος, αὕτη ἡ ἱστορία οὐκ αὐτὸν λυπήσει, ἀλλ’ ἐναντίως θαρσυνεῖ αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς κανόσι. Ὁ γὰρ Κόμης Βελισάριος ἀτεχνῶς ἐφίλει τὴν εὐσεβείαν, καὶ μηδέποτε ἐπαύσατο. Οἰ ἐξ ὑμῖν νομίζοντες τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον ἀληθὲς εἶναι λέγοισθε ὅτι Βελισάριος παρέσχε ἑαυτὸν ἐν τῇ δίκῃ παρὰ τὸν Ἰουστινιανὸν ἐν τρόπῳ τοῦ Δεσπότου παρὰ Πόντιον Πιλᾶτον, τὸν Ὕπαρχον τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ἀδικῶς κατηγορεύθεντος τῆς ὁμοίης κακουργίας, τῆς προδοσίας ἐπὶ τὴν Βασιλείαν· καὶ ὅτι ἐκεῖνος οὐ μεῖον ταπεινῶς ἔπαθε.

   Ἐξαρκεῖ οὖν περὶ ταῦτα.

 

(“Hypo toîs theoîs palaioîs,” ho moû prósthen despótēs ho Damoklēs élege prosepirrētoreúōn, “hē men aretē aein etíma, hē de hamartía ēschýneto; toû kakoúrgou ho stauros ouk enekrysoûto kai epoikílleto; ouch hoi anthrṓpoi etérponto aischynthêntai.” Alla pisteúē hékastos ho dokeî. Kai ei tynchánei atechnôs phileîn tēn eusebeían, mēde eînai sophistēs kai agathophanēs theológos ē enkrateutēs diephthargménos, haútē hē historía ouk auton lypḗsei, all’ enantíōs tharsyneî auton en toîs kanósi. Ho gar Kómēs Belisários atechnôs ephílei tēn eusebeían, kai mēdépote epaúsato. Hoi ex hӯmîn nomízontes to Euangélion alēthes eînai légoisthe hóti Belisários parésche heauton en tê díkē para ton Ioustinianon en trópō toû Despótou para Póntion Pilâton, ton Hýparchon tês Ioudaías, adikôs katēgoreúthentos tês homoíēs kakourgías, tês prodosías epi tēn Basileían; kai hóti ekeînos ou meîon tapeinôs épathe.

   Exarkeî oûn peri taûta.)

 

“Under the old gods,” my former master Damocles used to say, somewhat exaggerating the case, “virtue was always honoured, ignominy frowned upon; the felon’s cross was not gilded and jewelled; man did not revel in self-abasement.” But let everyone believe what he pleases. And if he happens to be a simple devotee of virtue, not a logic-chopping, hypocritical theologian or perverted ascetic, this story will not offend him, but contrariwise confirm him in his principles. For Count Belisarius had such a simple devotion to virtue, from which he never declined. Those of you for whom the Gospel story carries historical weight may perhaps say that Belisarius behaved at his trial before Justinian very much as his Master had done before Pontius Pilate, the Governor of Judaea, when unjustly accused of the very same crime, namely treason against the Empire; and that he suffered no less patiently.

   So much, then, for these things.

 

—Robert Graves, Ὁ Κόμης Βελισάριος  (Count Belisarius)

Tyrannies

 

Ἐκ τῶν πασῶν τῶν δεσποτείων, δεσποτεία ἕνεκα τῶν πασχόντων ἀπλῶς διοκουμένη βαρυτάτη εἴη. Ἀμείνων εἴη ἀρχιλῃστῶν ἀρχόντων βιοῦν ἢ παγκρατῶν σωφρονιστικῶν. Ἡ μὲν τοῦ ἀρχιλῃστοῦ ὠμότης ἐνίοτε καθεύδῃ, ἡ δὲ φιλοχρηματία ἔσθ’ ὅτε κορέστος· ἀλλ’ οἱ ἡμῶν ἕνεκα αἰκιζομένοι ἡμᾶς αἰκίσονται ἐκτὸς τῷ παύεσθαι, αἰκίζονται γὰρ εὐσυνειδήτοι.

 

Ek tôn pasôn tôn despoteíōn, despoteía héneka tôn paschóntōn aplôs diokouménē barytátē eíē. Ameínōn eíē archilēstôn archóntōn bioûn ē pankratôn sōphronistikôn. Hē men toû archilēstoû ōmótēs eníote katheúdē, hē de philochrēmatía ésth’ hóte koréstos; all’ hoi hēmôn héneka aikizoménoi hēmâs aikísontai ektos tô paúesthai, aikízontai gar eusyneidḗtoi.

 

Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end, for they do so with the approval of their own conscience.

 

—C. S. Lewis

Innovation

 

Studium innovandi vulgo procedit ex ingenio se amante et sententiis angustis. Non prospicient ad posteriores, qui numquam respiciunt ad majores.

 

A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper, and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors.

 

—Edmund Burke

Power

Ῥέπει ἡ ἄρχη διαφθείρειν, καὶ ἄρχη ἀνέδην διαφθείρει ἀνέδην. Οἱ ἀνθρώποι μεγάλοι σχεδὸν ἀεί εἰσιν ἀνθρώποι κακοί, καὶ οἱ ἔχοντες τὴν ῥοπὴν μηδὲ τὴν ἐξουσίαν· μᾶλιστα εἰ ἐπιποιεῖται τὸ φυσίωμα ἣ παγιότης τῆς δεσποτείᾱς εἰς τὸ διαφθείρειν. Οὔκ ἐστι αἵρεσις κακī́ων ἢ ὅτι ἡ ἀρχὴ τὸν ἄρχοντα ἁγνίζει.

 

(Rhépei hē árchē diaphtheírein, kai árchē anédēn diaphtheírei anédēn. Hoi anthrṓpoi megáloi schedon aeí eisin anthrṓpoi kakoí, kai hoi échontes tēn rhopēn mēde tēn exousían; mâlista ei epipoieîtai to physíōma hē pagiótēs tēs despoteíās eis to diaphtheírein. Oúk esti haíresis kakī́ōn ē hóti hē archē ton árchonta hagnízei.)

 

Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority: still more when you superadd the tendency or certainty of corruption by full authority. There is no worse heresy than the fact that the office sanctifies the holder of it.

 

—Lord Acton

A good cause

It is better to be forcibly oppressed in a good cause than to yield to a bad one.

 

Vi opprimi in bonā causā est melius quam malæ cedere.

 

—Cicero

Roman democracy

Ipsam propter democratiam Romanam nos tantum de oligarchia audimus. Exempli gratia, historici recentes conati sunt valorem atque victoriam Romanam attribuere illæ odiosæ atque oditæ usuriæ, quam fecerunt nonulli patricii, quasi Curius phalangites Macedonicos vicit pecuniam fænerando, ac Nero consul victoriam Metauri pro vicensima pactus. Sed usuriam sentimus patriciam e turbulentia plebiana. Regnum principum mercatorum Punicorum summa fuit usuriæ, sed numquam fuit turba Punica quæ audebat usurarios appellare.

 

It is precisely because of the presence of Roman democracy that we hear so much about Roman oligarchy. For instance, recent historians have tried to explain the valor and victory of Rome in terms of that detestable and detested usury which was practiced by some of the Patricians; as if Curius had conquered the men of the Macedonian phalanx by lending them money; or the Consul Nero had negotiated the victory of Metaurus at five per cent. But we realize the usury of the Patricians because of the perpetual revolt of the Plebeians. The rule of the Punic merchant princes had the very soul of usury. But there was never a Punic mob that dared to call them usurers.

 

—G. K. Chesterton, De Viro Sempiterno

War

Οὖν δὴ πόλεμος.

 

(Oûn dē pólemos.)

 

It’s war, then.

 

—Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece, when the Italian ambassador demanded that Greece submit to Italian occupation during the Second  World War

Send a second

Nisi tu desinas sicarios mittere, unum mittam ad Moscovam. Non opus erit mittendo secundum.

 

If you don’t stop sending killers, I will send one to Moscow. And I won’t have to send a second.

 

—Josip Broz Tito, President of Albania, in response to Stalin’s repeated attempts to assassinate him

The Duke of Wellington

Semper eramus, sumus, et, ut spero, semper erimus, osi apud Francos.

 

We always have been, we are, and, I hope, we always shall be, hated in France.

 

—Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington

The gods of the hearth

Re vera, solis illis, qui focum sacrum esse habent, umquam erit regula vel norma quibus respublica frenetur. Soli illi possunt aliquos provocare sanctiores dis urbanis, deos foci. Quare mirantur homines videre illas nationes, quæ severæ putantur in rebus domesticis, simul indomitas putari in rebus publicis, exemplo Hiberni ac Franci.

 

The truth is that only men to whom the family is sacred will ever have a standard or a status by which to criticize the state. They alone can appeal to something more holy than the gods of the city; the gods of the hearth. That is why men are mystified in seeing that the same nations that are thought rigid in domesticity are also thought restless in politics; for instance the Irish and the French.

 

—G. K. Chesterton, De Viro Sempiterno (The Everlasting Man)

 

Entitlements

Ὑπερφύως νοοῦσιν οἱ ἀνθρώποι περὶ τὰς γερηφορίας ἄνευ τῶν δέων, διότι οὔκ ἐστι γερηφορία ἐκτὸς δέοντος διαπραχθέντος.

 

(Hyperphýōs noöûsin hoi anthrṓpoi peri tas gerēphorías áneu tôn déōn, dióti oúk esti gerēphoría ektos déontos diaprachthéntos.)

 

People have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations, because there is no such thing as an entitlement unless someone has first met an obligation.

 

—Margaret Thatcher

Genius

Sed magnum ingenium quocumque existat, etiam in ordine regente.

 

But genius can turn up anywhere, even in a governing class.

 

—G. K. Chesterton, De Viro Sempiterno (The Everlasting Man)

We the people

Ἡμεῖς ὁ Δῆμος τῶν Πολῑτειῶν Συνεστώτων, ὡς ποιῆται σύνστατις τελεότερα, κείηται ἡ δικαιοσύνη, φυλάσσηται ἡ ἡσυχία οἰκεῖα, προσκοπῆται ἡ σωτηρία εἰς τὸ κοινόν, ἐπισπεύδηται ἡ εὐτυχία δημόσια, καὶ λαμβάνωνται τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῆς ἐλευθερίης ἕνεκα καὶ ἡμῶν καὶ ἡμετέρου τοῦ ἔπειτα, νῦν καθίσταμεν καὶ τίθημεν ταύτην τὴν Καταστᾶσιν πρὸ τῶν Πολῑτειῶν Συνεστώτων Ἀμερικάνων.

 

(Hēmeîs ho Dêmos tôn Polīteiôn Synestṓtōn, hōs poiêtai sýnstasis teleótera, keíētai hē dikaiosýnē, phylássētai hē hēsychía oikeîa, proskopêtai hē sōtēría eis to koinón, epispeúdētai hē eutychía dēmósia, kai lambánōntai ta agatha tês eleutheríēs héneka kai hēmôn kai hēmetérou toû épeita, nŷn kathístamen kai títhēmen taútēn tēn Katastâsin pro tôn Polīteiôn Synestaménōn Amerikánōn.)

 

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

 

—Preamble to the U. S. Constitution

A Know-Nothing

Οὔκ εἰμι Ἀγνοῶν. Τοῦτό ἐστι ἀναμφισβήτητον. Πῶς ὦ; Πῶς τι τὸ τοὺς μέλανας ἀδικεῖν μισῶν εὐνοῇ τῶ ἔθνεα λευκῶν ἀτιμοῦν; Ἡμέτερα ἡ ἐπίδοσις ἐπι τὸ χεῖρον μοῖ δοκεῖ θᾶττον εἶναι. Ἡμεῖς τὴν πάτρην κατεστήσαμεν φωνοῦντες ὅτι “οἱ πάντες οἱ ἀνθρώποι πεποίηνται ἴσοι”. Νῦν ἔργῳ ἑρμηνεύομεν “οἱ πάντες οἱ ἀνθρώποι πεποίηνται ἴσοι, πλὴν τῶν μελάνων”. Τῶν Ἀγνοούντων κρατούντων, ἑρμηνεύσομεν “οἱ πάντες οἱ ἀνθρώποι πεποίηνται ἴσοι, πλὴν τῶν μελάνων, τῶν ξένων καὶ τῶν Καθολικῶν”. Τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ αἱρήσομαι μεταστήσασθαι εἴς τινα χῶρον ὅπου οἱ ἀνθρώποι οὐ προσποιοῦνται τὴν ἐλευθερίαν φιλεῖν—ἴσως εἰς τὴν Ῥώσσιαν, ποῦ ἡ δεσποτεία ἄμικτον καὶ ἄκρατον κακῇ ὑκοκρισίῃ πίνηται.

 

(Oúk eimi Agnoôn. Toûtó esti anamphisbḗtēton. Pôs ô? Pôs ti to tous mélanas adikeîn misôn eunoê tô éthnea leukôn atimoûn? Hēmétera hē epídosis epi to cheîron moî dokeî thâtton eînai. Hēmeîs tēn pátrēn katestḗsamen phōnoûntes hóti “hoi pántes oi anthrṓpoi pepoíēntai ísoi”. Nŷn érgō hermēneúomen “hoi pántes hoi anthrṓpoi pepoíēntai ísoi, plēn tôn melánōn”. Tôn Agnoöúntōn kratoúntōn, hermēneúsomen “hoi pántes hoi anthrṓpoi pepoíēntai ísoi, plēn tôn melánōn, tôn xénōn kai tôn Katholikôn”. Toútō tô chrónō hairḗsomai metastḗsasthai eís tina chôron hópou hoi anthrṓpoi ou prospoioûntai tēn eleutherían phileîn—ísōs eis tēn Rhṓssian, poû hē despoteía ámikton kai ákraton kakê hypokrisíē pínētai.)

 

I am not a Know-Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began by declaring that “all men are created equal”. We now practically read it “all men are created equal, except negroes”. When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read “all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics”. When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be take pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy.

 

—Abraham Lincoln

The story of the Ides of March as told by sloths...

...can be found here.

The Ides of March have come

 

 

A certain seer had told him to be on his guard against great danger on a day in the month of March which the Romans call the Ides; and when this day had come and Caesar was going to a meeting of the Senate, he greeted him with a joke, saying, “Well then, the Ides of March have come”; to which the seer replied softly, “Aye, they have come; but they have not gone.”

 

Τις αὐτῷ μάντις ἡμέρᾳ Μαρτίου μηνός, ἣν Εἰδοὺς Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι, προείποι μέγαν φυλάττεσθαι κίνδυνον· ἐλθούσης δὲ τῆς ἡμέρας προϊὼν ὁ Καῖσαρ εἰς τὴν Σύγκλητον ἀσπασάμενος προσπαίξειε τῷ μάντει, φάμενος, “Αἱ μὲν δὴ Μάρτιαι Εἰδοὶ πάρεισιν,” ὁ δὲ ἡσυχῇ πρὸς αὐτὸν εἴποι, “Ναὶ πάρεισιν, ἀλλ’ οὐ παρεληλύθᾱσι.”

 

—Plutarch, Life of Julius Caesar 63.3